用材林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估

　　Assessment of Timber Forest Resource Assets

　　林木資源資產(chǎn)也稱(chēng)為立木資源資產(chǎn)，是森林資源資產(chǎn)中最重要的組成部分，是森林資源資產(chǎn)中產(chǎn)權交易最活躍的部分，也是森林資源資產(chǎn)評估最主要的內容。用材林是森林資源中以生產(chǎn)木材為主要目的的部分，在森林資源中面積最大、蓄積量最多。用材林根據其內部結構與經(jīng)營(yíng)方式的不同，可分為同齡林與異齡林兩大類(lèi)，其林木資源資產(chǎn)也分為同齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)和異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)。

　　Forest resource assets, also known as standing timber resource assets, are the most important component of forest resource assets, the most active part of property rights trading in forest resource assets, and the main content of forest resource asset evaluation. Timber forest is the part of forest resources whose main purpose is to produce wood, and it has the largest area and the highest accumulation in forest resources. Timber forests can be divided into two categories based on their internal structure and management methods: same age forests and different age forests. Their forest resource assets are also divided into same age forest resource assets and different age forest resource assets.

　　根據《森林資源資產(chǎn)評估技術(shù)規范（試行）》的規定，林木資產(chǎn)評估測算的方法主要有：市價(jià)法，包括市場(chǎng)法（市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法、現行市價(jià)法）；收益現值法（收益凈現值法、收獲現值法、年金資本化法）；成本法（序列需工數法、重置成本法）。

　　According to the Technical Specifications for Forest Resource Asset Evaluation (Trial), the main methods for evaluating and calculating forest assets include the market price method, including the market price method (inverted market price algorithm, current market price method); Present value of earnings method (net present value of earnings method, present value of earnings method, annuity capitalization method); Cost method (sequential labor method, reset cost method).

　　一、市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法

　　1、 Market price inversion algorithm

　　市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法又叫剩余價(jià)值法，它是將被評估林木資源資產(chǎn)皆伐后所得木材的市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售總收入，扣除木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)所消耗的成本（含稅、費等）及應得的利潤后，剩余的部分作為林木資源資產(chǎn)評估價(jià)值的一種方法。其計算公式為：

　　The market price inversion algorithm, also known as the residual value method, is a method of evaluating the value of forest resource assets by deducting the cost of wood production and operation (including taxes, fees, etc.) and the expected profit from the total market sales revenue of wood obtained after the evaluation of forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：E——評估值；

　　In the formula: E - evaluation value;

　　W——木材銷(xiāo)售總收入；

　　W - Total revenue from timber sales;

　　C——木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本；

　　C - Wood production and operation costs;

　　F——木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)段利潤。市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法是成、過(guò)熟齡林木資源資產(chǎn)評估的常用方法。該法所需的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟資料較易獲得，各工序的生產(chǎn)成本可依據現行的生產(chǎn)定額標準進(jìn)行測算，木材價(jià)格、利潤、稅費等標準都較易收集。立木的蓄積、胸徑和樹(shù)高在資產(chǎn)核查中已確定 ，無(wú)須進(jìn)行生長(cháng)預測，財務(wù)的分析也不涉及到投資收益率和折現率等問(wèn)題。該方法計算簡(jiǎn)單，測算結果最貼近市場(chǎng)，最易為林木資源資產(chǎn)的所有者、購買(mǎi)者所接受。

　　F - Profit of wood production and operation segment. The market price inversion algorithm is a commonly used method for evaluating mature and overripe forest resource assets. The technical and economic information required for this law is relatively easy to obtain, and the production costs of each process can be calculated based on the current production quota standards. Standards such as timber prices, profits, and taxes are also relatively easy to collect. The stock volume, breast height diameter, and tree height of standing trees have been determined in asset verification, and there is no need for growth prediction. Financial analysis also does not involve issues such as investment return rate and discount rate. This method is simple to calculate, produces results that are closest to the market, and is most easily accepted by owners and buyers of forest resource assets.

　　該法測算時(shí)關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題有：

　　The key issues when calculating with this method are:

　　1、合理確定木材的平均價(jià)格

　　1. Reasonably determine the average price of wood

　　在木材市場(chǎng)上，木材的交易價(jià)格是按口徑、長(cháng)度確定的，是規格化的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格。而在林木資源資產(chǎn)評估中，這種規格化的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格必須轉化成某種材種或某類(lèi)材種的平均價(jià)格。由于不同的林分所產(chǎn)出的同一材種的規格不同，其同一材種的平均售價(jià)將發(fā)生很大變化。在單片的成熟齡林分的評估中，必須根據待評估林分的胸徑、樹(shù)高、形數、材質(zhì)，以單獨確定材種的平均價(jià)格，而不能直接采用當地的材種平均價(jià)格。在大面積的評估中應根據近年來(lái)的交易價(jià)格和未來(lái)森林資源總體狀況確定其材種的平均價(jià)格。

　　In the timber market, the trading price of timber is determined by caliber and length, and is a standardized product price. In the evaluation of forest resource assets, this standardized product price must be converted into the average price of a certain type or category of wood. Due to the different specifications of the same timber species produced by different forest stands, the average selling price of the same timber species will vary greatly. In the evaluation of mature aged forest stands, the average price of timber species must be determined separately based on the diameter at breast height, tree height, number of shapes, and material of the forest stand to be evaluated, rather than directly using the local average price of timber species. In large-scale evaluations, the average price of timber species should be determined based on recent transaction prices and the overall future status of forest resources.

　　2、準確確定待評估林分各材種的出材率

　　2. Accurately determine the yield of each timber species in the forest stand to be evaluated

　　構成立木資產(chǎn)的林木蓄積不是規格化的產(chǎn)品，不同林分的立木由于胸徑、樹(shù)高、形數和材質(zhì)的不同，其不同材種的出材率有很大的差別。材種出材率的差異直接影響了木材的總售價(jià)，稅費的測算，使評估結果發(fā)生較大變化。

　　The forest stock that constitutes standing timber assets is not a standardized product. The yield of standing timber from different forest stands varies greatly due to differences in diameter at breast height, height, number of shapes, and material. The difference in the yield rate of different types of wood directly affects the total selling price of wood and the calculation of taxes, resulting in significant changes in the evaluation results.

　　3、合理計算稅費

　　3. Reasonably calculate taxes and fees

　　在木材的交易中，雖然稅費的標準有明確的規定，但各地的計稅基價(jià)規定可能不同。稅費收取的項目、幅度都可能不一樣，有些企業(yè)可能還有政策性?xún)?yōu)惠。因此，其稅費的數量必須依照當地調查的實(shí)際資料確定，而不能參照其他地區的標準進(jìn)行。

　　In the transaction of timber, although there are clear regulations on tax and fee standards, the tax base price regulations may vary in different regions. The items and ranges of tax and fee collection may vary, and some companies may also have policy incentives. Therefore, the amount of taxes and fees must be determined based on the actual data obtained from local investigations, and cannot be based on standards from other regions.

　　4、合理確定木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本

　　4. Reasonably determine the production and operation costs of wood

　　木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本主要包括作業(yè)準備成本（伐區設計費、道路維修費等）、采伐成本（場(chǎng)地清理、采伐、打枝、造材、鏟皮等費用）、集運成本（集材、短途運輸費用）、銷(xiāo)售費用（檢尺、倉貯）、管理費用、不可預見(jiàn)費、稅費等。這些成本的項目多，涉及的范圍廣，不同的山場(chǎng)成本不同，在單塊小班的評估中必須根據小班的具體情況確定其成本，在大面積的評估中要以待評估資產(chǎn)的整體平均水平確定其成本。

　　The production and operation costs of timber mainly include preparation costs (cutting area design fees, road maintenance fees, etc.), cutting costs (site cleaning, cutting, pruning, timber making, scraping, etc.), consolidation costs (consolidation, short distance transportation costs), sales expenses (inspection, storage), management expenses, unforeseeable expenses, taxes, etc. These costs involve multiple projects and a wide range of areas, with different costs for different mountain ranges. In the evaluation of a single small class, its cost must be determined based on the specific situation of the small class. In the evaluation of a large area, its cost must be determined based on the overall average level of the assets to be evaluated.

　　5、合理確定木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤：它包括采運段利潤和銷(xiāo)售段利潤兩部分。實(shí)際操作中主要考慮經(jīng)營(yíng)者的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理水平，社會(huì )的平均利潤率，通過(guò)認真細致的調查研究和資料的收集，綜合確定每立方米林木的合理木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤。

　　5. Reasonably determine the profit of wood production and operation: it includes two parts: the profit of the harvesting and transportation section and the profit of the sales section. In practical operation, the main considerations are the production and operation management level of the operator, the average profit margin of society, and through careful and meticulous investigation and data collection, the reasonable wood production and operation profit per cubic meter of forest is comprehensively determined.

　　市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法主要用于成、過(guò)熟林的林木資源資產(chǎn)評估，但在一般的收益現值法、土地期望價(jià)法、收獲現值法中，其林分主伐的預期收獲的計算均是采用該法進(jìn)行，它是森林資源資產(chǎn)評估中最基本的方法。

　　The market price inversion algorithm is mainly used for the evaluation of forest resource assets in mature and overripe forests. However, in general methods such as present value of income, expected land price, and present value of harvest, this method is used to calculate the expected harvest of forest main felling. It is the most fundamental method in forest resource asset evaluation.

　　例：成、過(guò)熟林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估

　　Example: Assessment of Forest Resource Assets in Mature and Overmature Forests

　　成、過(guò)熟林林木是可立即采伐或在近期內可采伐的林木，一般采用市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法或現行市價(jià)法。在林木資源資產(chǎn)交易市場(chǎng)發(fā)育不充分、買(mǎi)賣(mài)交易不活躍及資金交易價(jià)格透明度低的地區，市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法是成、過(guò)熟林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估的首選方法。

　　Mature and overripe forest trees are trees that can be harvested immediately or in the near future, usually using the market price inversion algorithm or the current market price method. In areas where the forest resource asset trading market is underdeveloped, the buying and selling transactions are inactive, and the transparency of fund trading prices is low, the market price inversion algorithm is the preferred method for evaluating mature and overripe forest resource assets.

　　例5-1：2008年某個(gè)體戶(hù)擬轉讓10 hm2杉木林分，該林分經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型為一杉中，年齡為28年，林分平均胸徑為16cm，平均高為15m，蓄積為150m3/hm2，請評估該小班價(jià)值。

　　Example 5-1: In 2008, a certain individual planned to transfer 10 hectares of Chinese fir forest. The forest management type was one Chinese fir, with an age of 28 years, an average diameter at breast height of 16cm, an average height of 15m, and a storage volume of 150m3/hm2. Please evaluate the value of this small group.

　　據調查相關(guān)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標為：

　　According to the survey, the relevant technical and economic indicators are:

　　1、木材銷(xiāo)價(jià)：杉原木900元/m3，杉綜合750元/m3

　　1. Wood selling price: 900 yuan/m3 for fir logs, 750 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive

　　2、稅費計征價(jià)：杉木原木600元/m3，杉木綜合材300元/m3。

　　2. Tax and fee calculation price: 600 yuan/m3 for Chinese fir logs and 300 yuan/m3 for Chinese fir composite timber.

　　3、木材經(jīng)營(yíng)成本

　　3. Wood operating costs

　　(1)伐區設計費：按蓄積7元/m3

　　(1) Design fee for logging area: 7 yuan/m3 based on accumulated amount

　　(2)檢尺費：8元/ m3

　　(2) Measuring fee: 8 yuan/m3

　　(3)直接采伐成本：90元/m3；

　　(3) Direct logging cost: 90 yuan/m3;

　?。?)道路維護費；5元/m3

　　(4) Road maintenance fees; 5 yuan/m3

　　(5)短途運輸成本：15元/m3

　　(5) Short distance transportation cost: 15 yuan/m3

　　(6)銷(xiāo)售費用：銷(xiāo)售價(jià)的1%

　　(6) Selling expenses: 1% of the selling price

　　(7)管理費：銷(xiāo)售價(jià)的3%

　　(7) Management fee: 3% of the sales price

　　(8)不可預見(jiàn)費：銷(xiāo)售價(jià)的2%

　　(8) Unforeseeable expenses: 2% of the sales price

　　4、稅費

　　4. Taxes and Fees

　　(1)育林費：按統一計征價(jià)的12%征收。

　　(1) Afforestation fee: levied at 12% of the unified levy price.

　　(2)維簡(jiǎn)費：按統一計征價(jià)的8%征收。

　　(2) Maintenance fee: levied at 8% of the unified rate.

　　(3)森林植物檢疫費：按調運木材統一計征價(jià)的0.2%征收。

　　(3) Forest plant quarantine fee: levied at 0.2% of the unified price for transporting timber.

　　(4)增值稅：按不含稅價(jià)的6%征收。

　　(4) Value added tax: levied at 6% of the price excluding tax.

　　(5)城建稅：按增值稅額的5%征收。

　　(5) Urban construction tax: levied at 5% of the value-added tax.

　　(6)教育附加稅：按增值稅額的3%征收。

　　(6) Education surtax: levied at 3% of the value-added tax.

　　(7)所得稅：按不含稅價(jià)的2%征收。

　　(7) Income tax: levied at 2% of the price excluding tax.

　　5、經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤率：直接木材生產(chǎn)成本的15%計算

　　5. Operating profit margin: calculated at 15% of the direct wood production cost

　　6、投資收益率：6%

　　6. Investment return rate: 6%

　　7、出材率：按待評估山場(chǎng)成熟林林木的平均胸徑以及當地生產(chǎn)的實(shí)際情況，確定杉木出材率70%（其中原木25%；綜用材45%）

　　7. Yield rate: Based on the average diameter at breast height of mature forest trees in the evaluated mountain area and the actual production situation in the local area, the yield rate of Chinese fir is determined to be 70% (including 25% for logs and 45% for composite materials)

　　8、林地使用費：按新林價(jià)（杉原木160元）的30%計，綜用材為原木林價(jià)的70%。

　　8. Forest land use fee: calculated at 30% of the new forest price (160 yuan for fir logs), and 70% of the log forest price for comprehensive timber.

　　9、平均主伐年齡：杉木中徑材平均主伐年齡為26年，

　　9. Average cutting age: The average cutting age of Chinese fir medium diameter wood is 26 years,

　　解：根據上述指標計算：

　　Solution: Calculate based on the above indicators:

　　1、每立方米杉原木純收入為：900-7÷0.7-8-90-5-15-900×(1%+3%+2%)-600×(12%+8%+0.2%)-900÷1.06×(6%×1.08+2%)-90×15%-160×30%=463.3元

　　1. The net income per cubic meter of cedar wood is 900-7 ÷ 0.7-8-90-5-15-900 × (1%+3%+2%) -600 × (12%+8%+0.2%) -900 ÷ 1.06 × (6% × 1.08+2%) -90 × 15% -160 × 30%=463.3 yuan

　　2、每立方米杉綜用材純收入為：750-7÷0.7-8-90-5-15-750×(1%+3%+2%)-300×(12%+8%+0.2%)-750÷1.06×(6%×1.08+2%)-90×15%-160×30%×70%=409.3元

　　2. The net income per cubic meter of fir comprehensive timber is 750-7 ÷ 0.7-8-90-5-15-750 × (1%+3%+2%) -300 × (12%+8%+0.2%) -750 ÷ 1.06 × (6% × 1.08+2%) -90 × 15% -160 × 30% × 70%=409.3 yuan

　　3、據此可計算該林分評估值為：10×150×(25%×463.3+45%×409.3)=450015元

　　3. Based on this, the evaluation value of the forest stand can be calculated as: 10 × 150 × (25% × 463.3+45% × 409.3)=450015 yuan

　　為此，該林分評估值為450015元

　　Therefore, the assessed value of the forest stand is 450015 yuan

　　二、現行市價(jià)法

　　2、 Current market price method

　　現行市價(jià)法也稱(chēng)市場(chǎng)成交價(jià)比較法。它是將相同或類(lèi)似的森林資源資產(chǎn)在目前市場(chǎng)上的實(shí)際成交價(jià)格作為被評估森林資源資產(chǎn)評估價(jià)值的一種評估方法。其計算公式為：

　　The current market price method is also known as the market transaction price comparison method. It is an evaluation method that takes the actual transaction price of the same or similar forest resource assets in the current market as the assessed value of the evaluated forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：E一評估值；

　　In the formula: E represents the evaluation value;

　　K—林分質(zhì)量調整系數；

　　K - forest quality adjustment coefficient;

　　Kb一物價(jià)調整系數，可以用評估基準日工價(jià)與參照案例交易時(shí)工價(jià)之比或評估基準日時(shí)某一規格的木材價(jià)格與參照案例交易時(shí)同一規格的木材價(jià)格之比；

　　Kb is the price adjustment coefficient, which can be used as the ratio of the labor price on the evaluation reference date to the labor price at the time of the reference case transaction, or the ratio of the price of a certain specification of wood on the evaluation reference date to the price of the same specification of wood at the time of the reference case transaction;

　　G一參照物的市場(chǎng)交易價(jià)格（可按面積或按蓄積）。

　　The market transaction price of a reference material (which can be based on area or volume).

　　現行市價(jià)法是一般資產(chǎn)評估中使用最為廣泛的方法。理論上它可以用于任何年齡階段、任何形式的森林資源資產(chǎn)。該法的評估結果可信度高、說(shuō)服力強、計算容易，但主要取決于收集到的參照案例的成交價(jià)的可靠程度。采用該法的必備條件是要求存在一個(gè)發(fā)育充分的、公開(kāi)的森林資源資產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)，在這個(gè)市場(chǎng)中可以找到各種類(lèi)型的森林資源資產(chǎn)評估的參照案例。

　　The current market price method is the most widely used method in general asset valuation. In theory, it can be used for any age group and any form of forest resource asset. The evaluation results of this method have high credibility, strong persuasiveness, and easy calculation, but mainly depend on the reliability of the transaction prices of the collected reference cases. The necessary condition for adopting this method is the existence of a well-developed and open forest resource asset market, in which various types of forest resource asset evaluation reference cases can be found.

　　使用現行市價(jià)法時(shí)關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題是：

　　The key issue when using the current market price method is:

　　1、合理選擇評估的參照案例

　　1. Reasonable selection of reference cases for evaluation

　　現行市價(jià)法評估時(shí)，其評估的結果主要取決于所收集的參照案例的評估價(jià)格的合理程度，因此，選定幾個(gè)合適的評估案例是使用該方法的關(guān)鍵所在。案例的林分狀況應盡量與待評估林分相近，其交易時(shí)間應盡可能接近評估基準日。

　　When using the current market price method for evaluation, the evaluation results mainly depend on the reasonableness of the evaluation prices of the collected reference cases. Therefore, selecting several suitable evaluation cases is the key to using this method. The forest stand condition of the case should be as close as possible to the forest stand to be evaluated, and its trading time should be as close as possible to the evaluation reference date.

　　2、正確確定林分質(zhì)量調整系數與物價(jià)指數調整系數

　　2. Correctly determine the forest quality adjustment coefficient and price index adjustment coefficient

　　由于森林資源資產(chǎn)不是規格產(chǎn)品，故其林分的質(zhì)量差異極大，各參照案例的林分不可能與待評估林分完全一致，必須根據林分的蓄積、平均直徑、地利等級等因子進(jìn)行調整。此外，由于森林資源資產(chǎn)的市場(chǎng)發(fā)育不充分，要找多個(gè)近期的評估案例十分困難，而利用過(guò)去不同時(shí)期的評估案例必須根據當時(shí)的物價(jià)指數以及評估基準日的物價(jià)指數進(jìn)行調整。

　　Due to the fact that forest resource assets are not standardized products, the quality of their forest stands varies greatly. The forest stands in each reference case cannot be completely consistent with the evaluated forest stands, and adjustments must be made based on factors such as stand volume, average diameter, and land use grade. In addition, due to the underdeveloped market for forest resource assets, it is very difficult to find multiple recent evaluation cases, and using evaluation cases from different periods in the past must be adjusted based on the price index at that time and the price index on the evaluation reference date.

　　3、合理綜合確定評估值

　　3. Reasonably and comprehensively determine the evaluation value

　　根據《資產(chǎn)評估操作規范意見(jiàn)（試行）》規定，使用現行市價(jià)法時(shí)必須選用三個(gè)以上的評估參照案例。應用不同評估案例測算的結果可能存在著(zhù)一定的偏差。因此，必須根據待評估林分的實(shí)際情況，以及它與各個(gè)參照案例的林分的差異綜合確定一個(gè)合理的評估值。

　　According to the "Opinions on Asset Appraisal Operation Standards (Trial)", when using the current market price method, three or more appraisal reference cases must be selected. There may be certain biases in the results obtained from applying different evaluation cases. Therefore, a reasonable evaluation value must be determined based on the actual situation of the forest stand to be evaluated and its differences from the forest stands of various reference cases.

　　三、收益凈現值法

　　3、 Net Present Value Method of Income

　　收益凈現值法是收益法的一種，它通過(guò)估算被評估的林木資產(chǎn)在未來(lái)經(jīng)營(yíng)期內各年的預期凈收益按一定的折現率折算為現值，并累計求和得出被評估森林資源資產(chǎn)評估值的一種評估方法。其計算公式為：

　　The net present value method of income is a type of income method that estimates the expected net income of the evaluated forest assets over the future operating period, converts it into present value at a certain discount rate, and accumulates the results to obtain the evaluation value of the evaluated forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　At——第t年的年收益；

　　At - Annual income for year t;

　　Ct——第t年的年成本支出；

　　Ct - Annual cost expenditure for year t;

　　u——經(jīng)濟壽命期；

　　U - Economic lifespan;

　　i——折現率；

　　I - discount rate;

　　n——林分的年齡。

　　N - The age of the forest stand.

　　收益凈現值法通常用于有經(jīng)常性收益同時(shí)具有經(jīng)濟壽命的林木資產(chǎn)，如經(jīng)濟林林木資產(chǎn)。這些資產(chǎn)每年都有一定的收益，每年也要支出相應的成本，同時(shí)具有一定的經(jīng)濟壽命期。收益凈現值法的測算需要預測經(jīng)營(yíng)期內未來(lái)各年度的經(jīng)濟收入和成本支出，其預測較為麻煩，在無(wú)法使用其他方法進(jìn)行評估時(shí)才采用的方法。

　　The net present value method of income is usually used for forest assets that have both recurring income and economic lifespan, such as economic forest assets. These assets generate a certain amount of income every year, incur corresponding costs each year, and have a certain economic lifespan. The calculation of net present value of earnings requires predicting the economic income and cost expenditures for each year in the future during the operating period, which is more complicated to predict. It is only used when other methods cannot be used for evaluation.

　　選用該方法時(shí)必須注意：

　　When using this method, attention must be paid to:

　　1、各年度的收益和支出預測

　　1. Revenue and expenditure forecast for each year

　　各年度收益和支出的預測是年凈收益現值法的基礎，它們決定了評估的成敗。因此，必須盡可能選用科學(xué)、可行的預測方法來(lái)進(jìn)行預測，以滿(mǎn)足評估的要求。預測的收益和成本都應按基準日的價(jià)格水平進(jìn)行測算。

　　The prediction of annual income and expenses is the basis of the present value of annual net income method, which determines the success or failure of the evaluation. Therefore, it is necessary to use scientific and feasible prediction methods as much as possible to make predictions in order to meet the requirements of evaluation. The predicted benefits and costs should be calculated based on the price level on the benchmark date.

　　2、折現率的確定

　　2. Determination of discount rate

　　收益現值法中折現率的大小對評估的結果將產(chǎn)生巨大的影響。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，折現率中不應含通貨膨脹因素，一則因為通貨膨脹率變化不定，確定困難；二則在未來(lái)收益的預測中直接用評估基準日的價(jià)格較為方便，預測未來(lái)的價(jià)格較預測實(shí)物量更為困難。所以在收益現值法中采用的收益和成本都按基準日的價(jià)格水平進(jìn)行測算，它們之間不存在通貨膨脹率。但如果在未來(lái)各年的收益和成本的預測中已包括通貨膨脹因素，則其折現率也應包括通貨膨脹率。在確定折現率時(shí)要注意與預期收益的口徑保持一致。

　　The size of the discount rate in the present value of earnings method will have a significant impact on the evaluation results. Generally speaking, the discount rate should not include inflation factors, as it is difficult to determine due to the variability of inflation rates; It is more convenient to directly use the price on the evaluation benchmark date in predicting future earnings, but predicting future prices is more difficult than predicting physical quantities. Therefore, the benefits and costs used in the present value of earnings method are calculated based on the price level on the benchmark date, and there is no inflation rate between them. But if inflation factors are already included in the forecast of future revenue and costs, the discount rate should also include the inflation rate. When determining the discount rate, it is important to ensure consistency with the expected returns.

　　四、年金資本化法

　　4、 Annuity capitalization method

　　年金資本化法是將被評估的森林資源資產(chǎn)每年的穩定收益作為資本投資的收益，再按適當的投資收益率求出資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值。其計算公式為：

　　The annuity capitalization method is to use the stable annual income of the evaluated forest resource assets as the return on capital investment, and then calculate the value of the assets based on an appropriate investment return rate. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：E——評估值；

　　In the formula: E - evaluation value;

　　A——年平均純收益額；

　　A - Annual average net income;

　　i——投資收益率。

　　I - Investment return rate.

　　該方法公式簡(jiǎn)單，要測定的因素少，計算方便，但它的使用有兩個(gè)嚴格的前提條件：

　　This method has a simple formula, fewer factors to be measured, and is easy to calculate, but its use has two strict prerequisites:

　　1、待評估資產(chǎn)的年收入必須十分穩定；

　　1. The annual income of the assets to be evaluated must be very stable;

　　2、待評估資產(chǎn)的經(jīng)營(yíng)期是無(wú)限的，它可以無(wú)限久地永續經(jīng)營(yíng)下去。

　　2. The operating period of the asset to be evaluated is infinite, and it can continue to operate indefinitely.

　　年金資本化法主要用于評估年純收益穩定的森林資源資產(chǎn)，如花年毛竹林資源資產(chǎn)、均勻齡級結構的整體森林資源資產(chǎn)。該測算公式稍作改變也可以用來(lái)測算大小年明顯的毛竹林資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值和異齡林資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值。

　　The annuity capitalization method is mainly used to evaluate forest resource assets with stable annual net income, such as annual bamboo forest resource assets and overall forest resource assets with uniform age structure. This calculation formula can be slightly modified to calculate the asset value of bamboo forest resources with significant differences in size and age, as well as the asset value of different aged forests.

　　該方法的合理應用必須注意兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：一是年平均純收益測算的準確性，要認真測算各項收益、成本及成本的利潤，將收益總額減去成本和成本的正常利潤，剩余部分才是其純收益；二是投資收益率必須是不含通貨膨脹率的當地該類(lèi)資產(chǎn)的投資的平均收益率。

　　The reasonable application of this method must pay attention to two issues: first, the accuracy of the annual average net income calculation. It is necessary to carefully calculate the profits of various income, costs, and costs, and subtract the normal profits of costs and costs from the total income, and the remaining part is its net income; The second requirement is that the investment return rate must be the average return rate of the local investment in this type of asset without inflation rate.

　　五、收獲現值法

　　5、 Present value method of harvest

　　收獲現值法是根據同齡林生長(cháng)特點(diǎn)提出的專(zhuān)門(mén)用于中齡林和近熟林林木資產(chǎn)的評估測算方法。該方法利用收獲表預測的被評估森林資源資產(chǎn)在主伐時(shí)純收益的折現值，扣除評估后到主伐期間所支出的營(yíng)林生產(chǎn)成本（評估后第二年開(kāi)始支出的成本）折現值的差額，作為被評估森林資源資產(chǎn)評估值的一種方法。其計算公式為：

　　The present value of harvest method is a specialized assessment and calculation method for forest assets in middle-aged and near mature forests, based on the growth characteristics of the same age forest. This method uses the discounted value of the net income of the evaluated forest resource assets predicted by the harvest table during the main logging period, minus the difference in the discounted value of the forest production costs incurred from the evaluation to the main logging period (costs incurred from the second year after evaluation), as a method for evaluating the value of the evaluated forest resource assets. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　Au——參照林分u年主伐時(shí)的純收入（指木材銷(xiāo)售收入扣除采運成本、銷(xiāo)售費用、管理費用、財務(wù)費用及有關(guān)稅費和木材經(jīng)營(yíng)的合理利潤后的部分），即主伐時(shí)的林木資產(chǎn)價(jià)值；

　　Au - refers to the net income of the forest at the time of main logging in year u (referring to the portion of timber sales revenue after deducting transportation costs, sales expenses, management expenses, financial expenses, relevant taxes, and reasonable profits from timber management), which is the asset value of the forest at the time of main logging;

　　Da，Db——參照林分第a、b年的間伐純收入（n＞a，b時(shí)，Da，Db＝0）；

　　Da, Db - refer to the net income from thinning in the a and b years of the forest stand (when n>a, b, Da，Db＝0）；

　　i——投資收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　Ct——評估后到主伐期間的營(yíng)林生產(chǎn)成本（主要是森林的管護成本）；

　　Ct - the production cost of forest management from evaluation to main logging period (mainly the cost of forest management);

　　K——林分質(zhì)量調整系數。

　　K - Forest quality adjustment coefficient.

　　收獲現值法是評估中齡林和近熟林資產(chǎn)經(jīng)常選用的方法。收獲現值法的公式較復雜，需要預測和確定的項目多，計算也較為麻煩。但該方法是針對中齡林和近熟林造林年代已久，用重置成本易產(chǎn)生偏差，而離主伐又尚早，不能直接采用市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法的特點(diǎn)而提出的。該方法的提出解決了中齡林和近熟林資產(chǎn)評估的難點(diǎn)，將重置成本法評估的幼齡林資產(chǎn)與用市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法評估的成熟林資產(chǎn)的價(jià)格連了起來(lái)，形成了一個(gè)完整、系統的立木價(jià)格體系。該法的使用必須注意：

　　The present value of harvest method is a commonly used approach to evaluate the assets of middle-aged and near mature forests. The formula for the present value method of harvest is complex, requiring multiple projects to be predicted and determined, and the calculation is also cumbersome. However, this method is proposed for the characteristics of middle-aged and near mature forests that have been planted for a long time, are prone to bias when using reset costs, and are still early in the main cutting process, and cannot directly adopt the market price inversion algorithm. The proposal of this method solves the difficulty of asset evaluation for middle-aged and near mature forests, linking the prices of young forest assets evaluated by reset cost method with mature forest assets evaluated by market price inversion algorithm, forming a complete and systematic standing tree price system. The use of this law must pay attention to:

　　1、標準林分u年主伐時(shí)的純收入預測

　　1. Prediction of net income during the main cutting of standard forest stands in year u

　　主伐時(shí)純收入的預測值是收獲現值法的關(guān)鍵數據，其測算通常先按收獲表、生長(cháng)模型或其他方法預測其主伐時(shí)的立木蓄積量，然后再按木材市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法計算出主伐時(shí)的純收入（立木價(jià)值）。其采用的木材價(jià)格、生產(chǎn)定額、工價(jià)等技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標均按評估基準日時(shí)的標準。

　　The predicted value of net income during main felling is the key data of the present value of harvest method. Its calculation usually starts with predicting the standing timber volume during main felling according to the harvest table, growth model or other methods, and then calculates the net income (standing timber value) during main felling using the inverse algorithm of timber market price. The technical and economic indicators such as wood prices, production quotas, and labor prices used are based on the standards of the evaluation benchmark date.

　　2、投資收益率的確定

　　2. Determination of investment return rate

　　由于收益和成本測算中均按評估基準日時(shí)的價(jià)格標準測算，因此，其投資收益率必須是扣除通貨膨脹因子的該森林經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型當地平均收益水平的投資收益率。

　　Due to the fact that both income and cost calculations are based on the price standards on the evaluation reference date, the investment return rate must be the investment return rate of the local average income level of the forest management type after deducting inflation factors.

　　3、評估后到主伐期間的營(yíng)林生產(chǎn)成本

　　3. The production cost of forest management from evaluation to main logging period

　　評估后到主伐期間的營(yíng)林生產(chǎn)成本包括直接成本和間接成本。在一般的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中間伐的成本在間伐純收入計算時(shí)已扣除了，因此這一階段的營(yíng)林成本主要是按面積分攤的年森林管護成本（V），這一成本相對比較穩定。這樣可用有限期年金的現值進(jìn)行測算，

　　The production costs of forest management during the evaluation and main logging period include both direct and indirect costs. In general production practice, the cost of thinning has been deducted in the calculation of net income from thinning, so the cost of forest management in this stage is mainly the annual forest management cost (V) allocated by area, which is relatively stable. This can be calculated using the present value of a finite annuity,

　　為便于計算可將上式簡(jiǎn)化為：

　　For ease of calculation, the above equation can be simplified as:

　　4、主伐時(shí)間u的確定

　　4. Determination of the main battle time u

　　主伐時(shí)間u通常取該林分所屬森林經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型的主伐年齡的齡級下限。即主伐年齡為v級，齡級年限為5年時(shí)，u=21年。

　　The main cutting time u is usually taken as the lower limit of the main cutting age of the forest management type to which the stand belongs. When the age of the main expedition is V level and the age limit is 5 years, u=21 years.

　　5、間伐時(shí)間及間伐純收入的確定

　　5. Determination of thinning time and net income from thinning

　　林分的間伐時(shí)間通常按該林分所屬經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型或經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型措施設計表所規定的間伐時(shí)間設定，其間伐的數量按當地該類(lèi)型a年或b年生林分間伐的平均水平，根據木材市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法計算。但必須注意①同一規格的間伐材的價(jià)格要低于主伐材；②間伐的單位生產(chǎn)成本要高于主伐時(shí)的單位生產(chǎn)成本。

　　The thinning time of a forest stand is usually set according to the thinning time specified in the management type or management type measure design table to which the forest stand belongs. The number of cuts during this period is calculated based on the average level of thinning of a or b year old forest stands of this type in the local area, using the inverse algorithm of the timber market price. But it must be noted that the price of intermediate cut materials of the same specification should be lower than that of main cut materials; ② The unit production cost of thinning is higher than that of main cutting.

　　6、調整系數K的確定

　　6. Determination of adjustment coefficient K

　　在收獲現值法中，調整系數K主要是對主間伐的收益值進(jìn)行調整，依據待評估林分的現實(shí)的蓄積和平均胸徑與參照林分在同一年齡時(shí)的蓄積和平均胸徑（通常是收獲表、生長(cháng)過(guò)程表或生長(cháng)模型上的值）的差異來(lái)綜合確定。

　　In the method of harvest present value, the adjustment coefficient K is mainly to adjust the income value of main thinning, which is comprehensively determined according to the difference between the actual volume and average diameter at breast height of the stand to be assessed and the volume and average diameter at breast height of the reference stand at the same age (usually the value on the harvest table, growth process table or growth model).

　　收獲現值法應用于中齡林和近熟齡林木資源資產(chǎn)評估的操作實(shí)務(wù)中，林分質(zhì)量調整系數、林分主伐時(shí)的蓄積量和小班樹(shù)種組成比中非優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種調整也是影響林木資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的不容忽視因素，現說(shuō)明如下：

　　In the practical application of the present value of harvest method in the asset evaluation of middle-aged and near mature forest resources, the adjustment coefficient of stand quality, the volume during main cutting, and the adjustment of non dominant tree species in the composition ratio of small group tree species are also factors that cannot be ignored in affecting the asset value of forest resources. The following is an explanation:

　?、倭址仲|(zhì)量調整系數

　?、?Forest quality adjustment coefficient

　　在中、近熟林林分林木資源資產(chǎn)評估中，以單位面積蓄積量和平均胸徑兩項指標確定調整系數K1與K2，最后綜合確定總的林分質(zhì)量調整系數Ｋ，即K=K1×K2。

　　In the evaluation of forest resources assets in medium and near mature forest stands, the adjustment coefficients K1 and K2 are determined based on two indicators: unit area volume and average breast height diameter. Finally, the total stand quality adjustment coefficient K is determined comprehensively, that is, K=K1 × K2.

　　在林木資源資產(chǎn)評估操作實(shí)務(wù)中，確定林分質(zhì)量調整系數的關(guān)鍵是尋找適合評估地區的林分生長(cháng)過(guò)程表或收獲表。目前此類(lèi)數表沒(méi)有頒布統一的國家或省級標準，而林業(yè)科技工作者對一些主要樹(shù)種的林分生長(cháng)過(guò)程表的研制進(jìn)行了較為深入研究，取得了不少的科研成果，這些成果對評估操作有借鑒意義，要注意收集。但因研究工作的局域性和數表的權威性影響了數表的應用。為此，評估地區所收集到林分生長(cháng)過(guò)程表，須進(jìn)行數表的適用性檢驗，經(jīng)檢驗適用，方可作為參照林分的生長(cháng)過(guò)程。此外，也可收集評估地區近期主要用材樹(shù)種各齡組或各齡段主要測樹(shù)因子的數據資料，或者分別森林經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型收集用材樹(shù)種各齡組或各齡段森林資源調查數據，結合國家或省級林業(yè)主管部門(mén)頒發(fā)的技術(shù)規范中的技術(shù)指標資料，運用數學(xué)方法構建林分生長(cháng)過(guò)程模型，以此作為參照林分的生長(cháng)過(guò)程。

　　In the practical operation of forest resource asset evaluation, the key to determining the forest quality adjustment coefficient is to find a suitable forest growth process table or harvest table for the evaluation area.   However, the locality of research work and the authority of number tables have affected the application of number tables. For this purpose, the collected forest growth process table in the evaluation area must undergo applicability testing of the numerical table. Only after being tested for suitability can it be used as a reference for the growth process of the forest stand. In addition, data on the main measurement factors of various age groups or age groups of major timber tree species in the evaluation area can also be collected, or forest resource survey data of various age groups or age groups of timber tree species can be collected separately for forest management types. Combined with technical indicators issued by national or provincial forestry authorities, mathematical methods can be used to construct a forest growth process model, which can be used as a reference for the growth process of forest stands.

　?、诹址种鞣r(shí)蓄積量預測

　?、?Prediction of volume during main logging of forest stands

　　林分主伐蓄積量的預測的關(guān)鍵是主伐年齡和林分生長(cháng)模型的確定。主伐年齡在評估實(shí)務(wù)中一般已有明確規定?？筛鶕u估目的的需要采用其中值、上限或下限。生長(cháng)模型一般采用適合評估地區的生長(cháng)過(guò)程表或收獲表的模型，也可利用森林資源調查數據運用數學(xué)方法構建林分生長(cháng)過(guò)程模型。

　　The key to predicting the main logging volume of a forest stand is to determine the age of the main logging and the growth model of the forest stand. The age of the main commander is generally clearly defined in evaluation practice. The median, upper limit, or lower limit can be used according to the needs of the evaluation purpose. The growth model generally adopts a growth process table or harvest table suitable for evaluating the region, and can also use mathematical methods to construct a forest growth process model based on forest resource survey data.

　?、坌“嘀蟹莾?yōu)勢樹(shù)種調整

　?、?Adjustment of non dominant tree species in small classes

　　樹(shù)種組成比也是一個(gè)影響評估結果的因素，在木材交易市場(chǎng)中，不同的樹(shù)種、不同的材種的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格有較大的差異，在林木資源資產(chǎn)評估的基礎數據中，除三類(lèi)調查外，在二類(lèi)調查數據庫中所提供的數據是優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的各測樹(shù)因子的平均數據即優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的胸徑、樹(shù)高和蓄積量等。由于組成比中各樹(shù)種的測樹(shù)因子的實(shí)際數據無(wú)法獲得，因此，在計算林分調整系數時(shí)也常常以?xún)?yōu)勢樹(shù)種的各測樹(shù)因子生長(cháng)過(guò)程代替小班整體，從而導致以?xún)?yōu)勢樹(shù)種的生長(cháng)代替非優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的生長(cháng)，使評估結果在樹(shù)種組成中非優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種占比重比較大時(shí)會(huì )產(chǎn)生較大的誤差。在按小班進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)評估時(shí)，可對這一因素予以調整。其步驟為：

　　The composition ratio of tree species is also a factor that affects the evaluation results. In the timber trading market, there are significant differences in the market prices of different tree species and wood species. In the basic data of forest resource asset evaluation, except for the three types of surveys, the data provided in the second type survey database is the average data of various tree measurement factors of dominant tree species, such as breast height diameter, tree height, and stock volume of dominant tree species. Due to the unavailability of actual data on the tree measurement factors of various tree species in the composition ratio, the growth process of dominant tree species is often used instead of the overall small group when calculating the stand adjustment coefficient. This results in the growth of dominant tree species replacing the growth of non dominant tree species, leading to significant errors in the evaluation results when the proportion of non dominant tree species is relatively high in the tree species composition. When evaluating assets based on small classes, this factor can be adjusted. The steps are as follows:

　　首先，對應小班優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型尋找與之對應的非優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型，如以杉木為主的集約杉木高指數大徑材對應于集約馬尾松高指數大徑材，依此類(lèi)推。而闊葉樹(shù)僅有四種經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型，則以大、中徑材對應經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型。

　　Firstly, search for the management types of non dominant tree species that correspond to the dominant tree species in the corresponding small group. For example, intensive Chinese fir high index large-diameter timber dominated by Chinese fir corresponds to intensive Masson pine high index large-diameter timber, and so on. And broad-leaved trees only have four types of management, corresponding to the management types of large and medium diameter timber.

　　其次，以對應的非優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型計算小班現實(shí)林齡的標準林分平均直徑（d非）平均樹(shù)高（h非）和單位面積蓄積量（m非）以及該小班森林經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型主伐年齡的標準林分平均直徑（D非）、平均樹(shù)高（H非）單位面積蓄積量（M非）。

　　Secondly, the standard stand average diameter (d-non), average tree height (h-non), and unit area volume (m-non) of the actual forest age of the small group are calculated based on the management type of the corresponding non dominant tree species, as well as the standard stand average diameter (D-non), average tree height (H-non), and unit area volume (M-non) of the main cutting age of the small group forest management type.

　　再次，計算小班非優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的現實(shí)林齡林分平均直徑、平均樹(shù)高、平均蓄積量、予以調整如下：

　　Once again, calculate the average diameter, average height, and average volume of non dominant tree species in the actual forest age of the small group, and adjust them as follows:

　　式中：m、d、h——現實(shí)小班單位面積蓄積量、胸徑、樹(shù)高；

　　In the formula: m, d, h - actual small class unit area volume, breast height diameter, tree height;

　　M、D、H——現實(shí)林齡時(shí)優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種標準林分蓄積量生長(cháng)曲線(xiàn)對應的單位面積蓄積量、胸徑、樹(shù)高。

　　M. D, H - The unit area volume, diameter at breast height, and tree height corresponding to the standard stand volume growth curve of dominant tree species at actual forest age.

　　最后，預估主伐年齡的非優(yōu)勢樹(shù)種的直徑、樹(shù)高、蓄積量。

　　Finally, estimate the diameter, height, and volume of non dominant tree species for the main cutting age.

　　依此類(lèi)推得：

　　And so on:

　　例5-3：現有某國有林場(chǎng)擬轉讓一塊面積為10hm2的杉木中齡林，年齡為14年，蓄積量為135m3/hm2，經(jīng)營(yíng)類(lèi)型為一般指數中徑材（其主伐年齡為26年），假設每年的營(yíng)林管護成本為90元/hm2，由該地區一般指數杉木中徑材的標準參照林分的蓄積生長(cháng)方程預測其主伐時(shí)平均蓄積量為300m3/ hm2，現實(shí)林齡（即14年生）標準參照林分的平均蓄積量為150m3/ hm2，該林分已經(jīng)過(guò)間伐不再要求間伐，請計算該林分的林木資產(chǎn)評估值。

　　Example 5-3: A state-owned forest farm plans to transfer a middle-aged Chinese fir forest with an area of 10 hectares, an age of 14 years, a stock volume of 135m3/hm2, and a management type of general index medium diameter timber (with a main cutting age of 26 years). Assuming an annual forest management cost of 90 yuan/hm2, the average stock volume during main cutting is predicted to be 300m3/hm2 based on the standard of general index Chinese fir medium diameter timber in the region and the stock growth equation of the forest stand. The actual forest age (i.e. 14 years old) standard is based on the average stock volume of the forest stand, which is 150m3/hm2. The forest stand has already undergone thinning and no longer requires thinning. Please calculate the forest asset evaluation value of the forest stand.

　　有關(guān)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標（均為虛構假設指標）

　　Regarding technical and economic indicators (all hypothetical indicators)

　?。?）營(yíng)林生產(chǎn)成本：從造林第五年起每年的管護費用為90元/ hm2。

　　(1) Production cost of afforestation: The annual management and maintenance cost from the fifth year of afforestation is 90 yuan/hm2.

　?。?）木材銷(xiāo)售價(jià)格（參照成過(guò)熟林而得）：杉原木900元/m3；杉綜合材：750元/m3

　　(2) Wood sales price (based on mature forests): 900 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 750 yuan/m3 for fir composite timber

　?。?）兩費統一計征價(jià)：杉原木600元/m3；杉綜合：300元/m3

　　(3) Unified pricing for two fees: 600 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 300 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive fees

　?。?）增值稅計征價(jià)：杉原木750元/m3；杉綜合：550元/m3

　　(4) Value added tax collection price: 750 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 550 yuan/m3 for fir synthesis

　?。?）木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本（含短運、設計、檢尺等）：140元/m3

　　(5) Wood production and operation costs (including short transportation, design, measurement, etc.): 140 yuan/m3

　?。?）地租：新林價(jià)的30%得杉原木48元/m3；杉綜合33.6元/m3

　　(6) Rent: 30% of the new forest price for fir logs at 48 yuan/m3; fir comprehensive at 33.6 yuan/m3

　?。?）木材生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)利潤：杉原木15元/m3；杉綜合12元/m3

　　(7) Wood production and operation profit: 15 yuan/m3 for fir logs; 12 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive

　?。?）林業(yè)投資收益率：6%

　　(8) Forestry investment return rate: 6%

　?。?）出材率：杉原木出材率為25%；杉綜合出材率為45%

　　(9) Yield rate: The yield rate of fir logs is 25%; The comprehensive yield of fir is 45%

　?。?0）育林費：按統一計征價(jià)的12%計

　　(10) Afforestation fee: calculated at 12% of the unified levy price

　?。?1）維簡(jiǎn)費：按統一計征價(jià)的8%計

　　(11) Maintenance fee: calculated at 8% of the unified levy price

　?。?2）木材檢疫費：按統一計征價(jià)的0.2%計

　　(12) Wood quarantine fee: calculated at 0.2% of the unified levy price

　?。?3）銷(xiāo)售費用：10元/m3

　　(13) Sales expenses: 10 yuan/m3

　?。?4）管理費用：按銷(xiāo)售收入的5%計

　　(14) Management expenses: calculated at 5% of sales revenue

　?。?5）不可預見(jiàn)費：杉原木18元/m3，杉綜合15元/m3

　　(15) Unforeseeable expenses: 18 yuan/m3 for fir logs, 15 yuan/m3 for fir comprehensive expenses

　?。?6）增值稅：以起征價(jià)的6%計

　　(16) Value added tax: calculated at 6% of the starting price

　?。?7）城建稅、教育附加合計：以增值稅的8%計

　　(17) Total urban construction tax and education surcharge: calculated at 8% of value-added tax

　　解：預測主伐時(shí)蓄積量M=mn×Mu/Mn=135×300/150=270 m3

　　Solution: Predicting the storage volume during main logging M=mn × Mu/Mn=135 × 300/150=270 m3

　　主伐時(shí)杉原木純收入A1=W-C-F-D=900-140-600×20.2%-48-15-10-900×5%-18-750×6%×

　　During the main logging, the net income of Sugihara wood was A1=W-C-F-D=900-140-600 × 20.2% -48-15-10-900 × 5% -18-750 × 6%

　　(1+0.08) =454.2元/m3

　　(1+0.08)=454.2 yuan/m3

　　主伐時(shí)杉綜合材純收入A2=W-C-F-D=750-140-300×20.2%-33.6-12-10-750×5%-15-550×6%×

　　During the main logging season, the net income of fir comprehensive timber is A2=W-C-F-D=750-140-300 × 20.2% -33.6-12-10-750 × 5% -15-550 × 6%

　　(1+0.08) =405.7元/m3

　　(1+0.08)=405.7 yuan/m3

　　現在至主伐期間的營(yíng)林管護成本合計

　　The total cost of forest management and protection from now until the main logging period

　　由此可計算其總評估值為

　　From this, the total evaluation value can be calculated as

　　E=S×M×(f1×A1+f2×A2)/1.06(26-14)-S×T=10×270×(0.25×454.2+0.45×405.7)/1.06(26-14)-10×755=389821元

　　E=S x M x (f1 x A1+f2 x A2)/1.06 (26-14) - S x T=10 x 270 x (0.25 x 454.2+0.45 x 405.7)/1.06 (26-14) -10 x 755=389821 yuan

　　故該杉木中齡林評估值為389821元

　　Therefore, the assessed value of the middle-aged Chinese fir forest is 389821 yuan

　　六、重置成本法

　　6、 Reset cost method

　　重置成本法是按現時(shí)條件下重新購置或建造一個(gè)全新?tīng)顟B(tài)的被評估資產(chǎn)所需要的全部成本，減去被評估資產(chǎn)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的實(shí)體性貶值、功能性貶值和經(jīng)濟性貶值，得到的差額作為被評估資產(chǎn)價(jià)值的一種評估方法。

　　The reset cost method is an evaluation method that takes into account the total cost required to repurchase or construct a brand new asset under current conditions, minus the physical depreciation, functional depreciation, and economic depreciation that have already occurred, and obtains the difference as the value of the evaluated asset.

　　在森林資源資產(chǎn)的評估中，重置成本法是按現時(shí)的工價(jià)及生產(chǎn)水平，重新?tīng)I造一塊與被評估森林資源資產(chǎn)相類(lèi)似的資產(chǎn)所需的成本費用，作為被評估資源資產(chǎn)的評估值。其計算公式為：

　　In the evaluation of forest resource assets, the reset cost method is the cost of creating a new asset similar to the evaluated forest resource asset based on the current labor price and production level, as the evaluation value of the evaluated resource asset. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　Ct——第t年的以現行工價(jià)及生產(chǎn)水平為標準的生產(chǎn)成本（年初投入）；

　　Ct - Production cost based on current labor prices and production levels in year t (input at the beginning of the year);

　　i——投資收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　n——林分的年齡；

　　N - age of the forest stand;

　　K——林分質(zhì)量調整系數。

　　K - Forest quality adjustment coefficient.

　　在用材林經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中，造林成本的投入在短期內得不到回報，營(yíng)林成本的不斷投入，所營(yíng)造的林分在不斷生長(cháng)，林分的蓄積在積累增加，資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值在升高。用材林的經(jīng)營(yíng)中，在其主伐以前長(cháng)達一二十年以至數十年的時(shí)間內，森林經(jīng)營(yíng)僅有少量的間伐收入，其收入遠低于投入，直到主伐時(shí)才一次性得到回報。

　　In the process of managing timber forests, the investment in afforestation costs does not yield returns in the short term. The continuous investment in forest management costs results in the continuous growth of the forest stands, the accumulation of forest stock, and the increase in asset value. In the management of timber forests, for a period of ten to twenty years or even decades before the main logging, forest management only generates a small amount of income from thinning, which is much lower than the input, and only receives a one-time return during the main logging.

　　根據用材林的經(jīng)營(yíng)特點(diǎn)，其重置成本法與一般資產(chǎn)的重置成本法有三大區別：

　　According to the management characteristics of timber forests, there are three major differences between the reset cost method and the general asset reset cost method:

　　1、森林資源資產(chǎn)的重置成本法必須按投資收益率計算復利

　　1. The reset cost method for forest resource assets must calculate compound interest based on the investment return rate

　　在用材林經(jīng)營(yíng)中其資產(chǎn)的建造期長(cháng)達數十年，在這期間經(jīng)營(yíng)基本上沒(méi)有收益（或僅有少量收益），只有不斷地支出。資金占用的時(shí)間很長(cháng)，資金的占用必然要求支付資金的占用費——利息。在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟環(huán)境下長(cháng)期的資金占用必須計算復利。

　　In timber forest management, the construction period of its assets can last for decades, during which there is basically no income (or only a small amount of income) from the operation, only continuous expenditure. The occupation of funds takes a long time, and the occupation of funds inevitably requires payment of the occupation fee - interest. Long term capital occupation in a market economy environment must be calculated with compound interest.

　　2、用材林資產(chǎn)的重置成本法不存在成新率的問(wèn)題

　　2. The reset cost method for timber forest assets does not have the problem of depreciation rate

　　用材林的經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中，資產(chǎn)的使用僅形成資本的累積，使用過(guò)程中沒(méi)有收益或很少收益，資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值一直增加，要到主伐時(shí)才一次性收回。因此，在用材林的重置成本法中一般不存在著(zhù)用材林資產(chǎn)的折舊問(wèn)題，也就不存在成新率。

　　In the management process of timber forests, the use of assets only forms the accumulation of capital, with no or very little income during the use process. The value of assets continues to increase and is only recovered in one go when the main logging is carried out. Therefore, in the reset cost method of timber forests, there is generally no issue of depreciation of timber forest assets, and therefore there is no depreciation rate.

　　3、用材林資產(chǎn)重置成本法中的調整系數

　　3. Adjustment coefficient in the reset cost method of timber forest assets

　　用材林的林分的質(zhì)量差異較大，其重置成本是指社會(huì )平均勞動(dòng)的平均重置值。其林分的質(zhì)量是以當地平均的生產(chǎn)水平為標準。但各塊林分由于經(jīng)營(yíng)管理水平的不同，與平均水平的林分存在差異，因此，各塊林分的價(jià)值必須用林分質(zhì)量調整系數進(jìn)行調整。

　　The quality of timber stands varies greatly, and their replacement cost refers to the average replacement value of social average labor. The quality of its forest stands is based on the local average production level. However, due to differences in management levels, there are differences between each forest stand and the average level of forest stands. Therefore, the value of each forest stand must be adjusted using the forest stand quality adjustment coefficient.

　　在森林經(jīng)營(yíng)中經(jīng)濟林經(jīng)營(yíng)的狀況又與用材林不同，經(jīng)濟林在營(yíng)造成林進(jìn)入盛產(chǎn)期后，其每年均有一定的產(chǎn)出，而且存在著(zhù)經(jīng)濟壽命期。因此，經(jīng)濟林資源資產(chǎn)評估中的重置成本法又與用材林資產(chǎn)評估，以及一般資產(chǎn)評估不同。其主要區別是：

　　In forest management, the situation of economic forest management is different from that of timber forest. After the economic forest enters its peak production period, it has a certain output every year and has an economic lifespan. Therefore, the reset cost method in the evaluation of economic forest resource assets is different from the evaluation of timber forest assets and general asset evaluations. The main difference is:

　　1、經(jīng)濟林資源資產(chǎn)評估中的重置成本法必須扣除年度的收益

　　1. The reset cost method in the evaluation of economic forest resource assets must deduct the annual income

　　經(jīng)濟林進(jìn)入始產(chǎn)期后，開(kāi)始少量產(chǎn)出其經(jīng)濟林產(chǎn)品并逐年增加，其當年的投入成本已不完全是投資成本，而包含了部分經(jīng)營(yíng)成本。經(jīng)營(yíng)成本形成了經(jīng)濟林產(chǎn)品，產(chǎn)生了經(jīng)濟收益。在重置成本中扣除經(jīng)營(yíng)成本，即將當年的收益（Au）作為經(jīng)營(yíng)成本扣除。其公式

　　After the economic forest enters its initial production period, it begins to produce a small amount of its economic forest products and increases year by year. Its input cost for that year is no longer entirely investment cost, but includes some operating costs. The operating costs form economic forest products, generating economic benefits. Deducting operating costs from reset costs, i.e. deducting the current year's revenue (Au) as operating costs. Its formula

　　2、經(jīng)濟林資源資產(chǎn)評估中的重置成本法必須確定重置期限（營(yíng)造的年限）

　　2. The reset cost method in the evaluation of economic forest resource assets must determine the reset period (the years of construction)

　　經(jīng)濟林進(jìn)入盛產(chǎn)期后，開(kāi)始大量產(chǎn)出其經(jīng)濟林產(chǎn)品，其年度的收入大大超出年度的成本投入，但在這個(gè)階段前，成本投入很多，收益很少，甚至沒(méi)有收益。因此這一階段前可以認為是該項資產(chǎn)的營(yíng)造期（即重置期）。其重置成本的計算最多僅能計算至營(yíng)造期末，達到重置成本的最高值作為重置全價(jià)，年齡繼續增加，公式重置成本將下降。由于經(jīng)濟林營(yíng)造期也長(cháng)達數年，因此，其重置成本的計算也要計算復利。

　　After entering its peak production period, the economic forest begins to produce a large amount of its economic forest products, and its annual income greatly exceeds the annual cost input. However, before this stage, there is a lot of cost input and little or no benefit. Therefore, this stage can be considered as the creation period (i.e. reset period) of the asset. The calculation of its reset cost can only be calculated up to the end of the construction period, reaching the highest value of the reset cost as the full reset price. As the age continues to increase, the formula for reset cost will decrease. Due to the long-term construction period of economic forests, the calculation of their replacement cost also needs to include compound interest.

　　3、經(jīng)濟林資源資產(chǎn)評估中的重置成本存在著(zhù)成新率問(wèn)題

　　3. There is a problem of renewal rate in the reset cost of economic forest resource asset evaluation

　　由于在盛產(chǎn)期中經(jīng)濟林有較高的產(chǎn)出，過(guò)了盛產(chǎn)期其產(chǎn)量就明顯下降，以至收不抵支。它存在著(zhù)經(jīng)營(yíng)壽命問(wèn)題。因此，經(jīng)濟林資源資產(chǎn)存在著(zhù)各種類(lèi)似的實(shí)體性貶值、功能性貶值，可以也應當測算其成新率，其成新率計算公式為：

　　Due to the high output of economic forests during the peak production period, their output significantly decreases after the peak production period, resulting in insufficient income to cover expenses. It has a lifespan issue. Therefore, there are various similar physical and functional depreciation of economic forest resource assets, and their depreciation rate can and should be calculated. The formula for calculating their depreciation rate is:

　　成新率=l－已收獲的年限÷盛產(chǎn)期的年限

　　Newness rate=l - years harvested ÷ years of high production period

　　在森林資源資產(chǎn)的評估中，重置成本法主要適用于幼齡林階段資產(chǎn)的評估。

　　In the assessment of forest resource assets, the reset cost method is mainly applicable to the evaluation of assets in the young forest stage.

　　在實(shí)際操作中，評估的關(guān)鍵是確定林分質(zhì)量調整系數和功能性貶值調整系數。

　　In practical operation, the key to evaluation is to determine the forest quality adjustment coefficient and the functional depreciation adjustment coefficient.

　　林分質(zhì)量調整系數通常由株數調整系數、樹(shù)高調整系數和蓄積量調整系數綜合構成。

　　The forest quality adjustment coefficient is usually composed of a combination of plant number adjustment coefficient, tree height adjustment coefficient, and volume adjustment coefficient.

　?、僦陻嫡{整系數K1

　?、?Number of plants adjustment coefficient K1

　　株數保存率是衡量林分造林質(zhì)量的重要指標：

　　The preservation rate of plant number is an important indicator for measuring the quality of afforestation in forest stands:

　　株數保存率（r）=林地實(shí)有保存株數/造林設計株數

　　Number of trees preserved rate (r)=actual number of preserved trees in forest land/number of trees designed for afforestation

　　按《森林資源資產(chǎn)評估技術(shù)規范（試行）》規定：在幼齡林（未成林造林地幼樹(shù)）的評估中，當r≥85%，K1=1；當r＜85%，K1=r。

　　According to the Technical Specifications for Forest Resource Asset Evaluation (Trial), in the evaluation of young forests (young trees in undeveloped forest land), when r ≥ 85%, K1=1; When r<85%, K1=r.

　　根據生產(chǎn)的實(shí)際情況，在未成林造林地中，如果保留株數少于40%，一般認為造林失敗，必須重造，而且重造的成本并不比初次造林成本低，因此，在未成林造林地中當r≤40%時(shí)，K1=0。

　　According to the actual production situation, if the number of trees retained in the unformed forest land is less than 40%, it is generally considered that afforestation has failed and must be rebuilt. Moreover, the cost of rebuilding is not lower than that of initial afforestation. Therefore, when r ≤ 40% in unformed forest land, K1=0。

　　在幼齡林階段中后期，林分一般已郁閉，如果株數少于40%，但林木的分布均勻，有成林希望，這時(shí)K1不能等于零，可以等于r，也可以根據最終的保留株數和現實(shí)株數的比值綜合確定。

　　In the middle and later stages of the young forest stage, the stand is generally closed. If the number of trees is less than 40%, but the distribution of trees is uniform and there is hope for afforestation, then K1 cannot be equal to zero, it can be equal to r, or it can be determined comprehensively based on the ratio of the final number of preserved trees to the actual number of trees.

　?、跇?shù)高調整系數K2

　?、?Tree height adjustment coefficient K2

　　按《森林資源資產(chǎn)評估技術(shù)規范（試行）》規定：

　　According to the Technical Specifications for Forest Resource Asset Evaluation (Trial):

　　確定樹(shù)高調整系數的關(guān)鍵在于尋找合適的參照林分的平均樹(shù)高。通用的做法是選擇適合評估地區的各樹(shù)種幼齡樹(shù)高平均生長(cháng)過(guò)程表，擬合樹(shù)高平均生長(cháng)方程，測算評估年度的平均樹(shù)高作為參照林分的標準平均樹(shù)高。若無(wú)法得到合適的生長(cháng)過(guò)程，可采用各地進(jìn)行造林驗收時(shí)使用的各年齡參照林分的標準平均樹(shù)高，也可采用評估資產(chǎn)所在地區或近鄰地區的世界銀行項目的速生豐產(chǎn)林各年齡平均樹(shù)高的測定值擬合的方程來(lái)預測評估年度的平均樹(shù)高（但重置成本應以世界銀行項目的速生豐產(chǎn)林的投資標準）。評估實(shí)際操作中，由于林分質(zhì)量參差不齊，也由于人工撫育措施的不同，例如以壯苗或挖大穴施肥等導致在幼齡時(shí)的樹(shù)高大于標準平均樹(shù)高，這時(shí)應用平均造林成本進(jìn)行重置成本計算時(shí)，其成本就要大大高于重置造林成本，則其調整系數應該大大高于1，而根據中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院的研究成果表明，這種幼齡林因經(jīng)營(yíng)措施造成的超高狀況，并不會(huì )對將來(lái)的蓄積量收獲產(chǎn)生等比例的促進(jìn)作用。因而，不能簡(jiǎn)單地將hr作為K2的取值，為此應進(jìn)行必要的調整；當樹(shù)高低于標準平均樹(shù)高則K2=hr。

　　The key to determining the tree height adjustment coefficient is to find a suitable average tree height for the reference forest stand. The common practice is to select the average growth process table of young tree species suitable for the evaluation area, fit the average growth equation of tree height, and calculate the average tree height of the evaluation year as the standard average tree height of the reference forest stand. If a suitable growth process cannot be obtained, the standard average tree height of each age reference forest used for afforestation acceptance in various regions can be used, or an equation fitted with the measured values of the average tree height of each age of the World Bank project's fast-growing and high-yield forest in the area where the asset is located or nearby areas can be used to predict the average tree height for the evaluation year (but the reset cost should be based on the investment standard of the World Bank project's fast-growing and high-yield forest). In practical operation, due to the uneven quality of forest stands and different artificial nurturing measures, such as using strong seedlings or digging large holes for fertilization, the tree height at a young age is higher than the standard average tree height. When calculating the reset cost using the average afforestation cost, the cost should be much higher than the reset afforestation cost, and the adjustment coefficient should be much higher than 1. According to the research results of the Chinese Academy of Forestry, the super-high condition caused by management measures in this young forest will not have a proportional promoting effect on future accumulation and harvest. Therefore, it is not possible to simply use hr as the value of K2, and necessary adjustments should be made accordingly; When the tree height is lower than the standard average tree height, K2=hr.

　?、坌罘e量調整系數K3

　?、?Accumulation adjustment coefficient K3

　　對于已郁閉成林的幼齡林，尤其是對年齡較大或處于幼齡末期的幼齡林林分，其調查中已有一定的蓄積量，對于將來(lái)而言，其影響因素已由考慮其是否郁閉成林逐漸向具有多少的蓄積量轉變。同時(shí)由于林分質(zhì)量、木材市場(chǎng)價(jià)格及市場(chǎng)物價(jià)指數等因素的影響，還要考慮幼齡林評估價(jià)值與中齡林的評估價(jià)值平穩過(guò)渡。故對于處于幼齡林末期的林分引進(jìn)蓄積量調整系數予以調整，其調整系數為：

　　For young forests that have already been closed down, especially those that are older or in the late stages of youth, there is already a certain amount of accumulation in their investigation. For the future, the influencing factors have gradually shifted from considering whether they have been closed down to how much accumulation they have. At the same time, due to factors such as forest quality, timber market prices, and market price indices, it is also necessary to consider the smooth transition between the assessed value of young forests and middle-aged forests. Therefore, the adjustment coefficient for the introduced volume of forest stands in the late stage of young forest is adjusted, and the adjustment coefficient is:

　　應當注意的是造成中幼林評估值過(guò)渡差異的一個(gè)重要原因是林分質(zhì)量，當排除林分質(zhì)量不正常因素后，其中幼齡林的評估值仍可能存在的差異部分應歸因于評估方法上的差異，中齡林評估立足于收益角度采用收獲現值法，并以蓄積量調整與胸徑調整為主。而幼齡林評估則立足于成本角度，為了便于中幼林評估值之間的可比性，這時(shí)使用蓄積量調整系數而不再采用株數及樹(shù)高調整系數，即K=K3，反之，K=K1×K2。

　　It should be noted that one important reason for the transitional differences in the evaluation values of young and middle-aged forests is the quality of the forest stands. After excluding abnormal factors in forest stand quality, the possible differences in the evaluation values of young forests should be attributed to differences in evaluation methods. The evaluation of middle-aged forests is based on the perspective of income and adopts the present value of harvest method, with volume adjustment and breast height diameter adjustment as the main methods. The evaluation of young forests is based on a cost perspective. In order to facilitate comparability between the evaluation values of young and middle-aged forests, the volume adjustment coefficient is used instead of the number and height adjustment coefficients, that is, K=K3. Conversely, K=K1 × K2.

　　功能性貶值調整系數：應用重置成本法對幼齡林進(jìn)行評估，由于用材林經(jīng)營(yíng)周期很長(cháng)，常達數十年之久，幼齡林階段也常在十年以上，故其投資幼齡林階段，短期內無(wú)法獲取回報，因此，林分的實(shí)體性貶值和經(jīng)濟性貶值較難計算，而事實(shí)上在林分質(zhì)量調整中已考慮了林分的實(shí)體性貶值。在森林經(jīng)營(yíng)中由于存在著(zhù)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的問(wèn)題，尤其是對于成熟期長(cháng)達數十年以上的林木資源資產(chǎn)，在其生長(cháng)過(guò)程中可能就存在技術(shù)進(jìn)步，從而形成資產(chǎn)的功能性貶值，故在評估中須考慮其功能性的貶值。

　　Functional depreciation adjustment coefficient: The reset cost method is applied to evaluate young forests. Due to the long operating cycle of timber forests, often lasting for decades, and the young forest stage often lasting more than ten years, investing in the young forest stage cannot yield returns in the short term. Therefore, it is difficult to calculate the physical and economic depreciation of the forest stand. In fact, the physical depreciation of the forest stand has been considered in the quality adjustment of the forest stand. In forest management, due to the issue of technological progress, especially for mature forest resource assets that have been mature for decades or more, there may be technological progress during their growth process, resulting in functional depreciation of assets. Therefore, the depreciation of their functionality must be considered in the evaluation.

　　功能性貶值是指由于技術(shù)相對落后造成的貶值。測算功能性貶值是根據資產(chǎn)的效用、工耗、物耗、能耗水平等功能方面的差異造成的成本增加和效益降低，確定相應的貶值。在林木的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)中存在著(zhù)技術(shù)進(jìn)步，故存在著(zhù)相對而言的技術(shù)落后。以福建省造林標準為例，過(guò)去，福建省各地造林均按舊的造林標準執行（挖大穴，密植），隨著(zhù)造林技術(shù)研究的深入，新的造林標準在挖穴規格、造林密度上均比原來(lái)小。這種培育制度的改變會(huì )降低營(yíng)林成本，但不影響最終的產(chǎn)量。傳統營(yíng)林技術(shù)及其他主客觀(guān)的影響，目前各地在執行造林標準時(shí)仍有不少是采用舊的造林標準，包括世行貸款造林標準亦是如此，這種由于新技術(shù)的產(chǎn)生而導致舊造林標準的額外造林成本就構成了功能性貶值。

　　Functional depreciation refers to the depreciation caused by relatively backward technology. The calculation of functional depreciation is based on the cost increase and benefit decrease caused by differences in asset utility, labor consumption, material consumption, energy consumption level and other functional aspects, and determines the corresponding depreciation. There is technological progress in the production and operation of forest trees, so there is a relatively backward technology. Taking the afforestation standards in Fujian Province as an example, in the past, afforestation in various regions of Fujian Province was carried out according to the old afforestation standards (digging large holes and planting densely). With the deepening of afforestation technology research, the new afforestation standards are smaller in digging hole specifications and afforestation density than before. This change in cultivation system will reduce the cost of forest management, but it will not affect the final yield. Due to the influence of traditional afforestation techniques and other subjective and objective factors, many regions still adopt old afforestation standards when implementing afforestation standards, including the World Bank loan afforestation standards. This additional afforestation cost caused by the emergence of new technologies constitutes functional depreciation of the old afforestation standards.

　　在用材林幼齡林資源資產(chǎn)評估中所涉及的主要是各營(yíng)林工序的成本，而發(fā)生功能性貶值的林分往往是在前幾年以舊的營(yíng)林技術(shù)所營(yíng)造的林分，在現實(shí)評估中由于營(yíng)林技術(shù)的提高產(chǎn)生功能性貶值，故根據資產(chǎn)評估學(xué)功能性貶值的計算。

　　The main factors involved in the asset assessment of young timber forest resources are the costs of various forest management processes, and the forest stands that experience functional depreciation are often those created with old forest management techniques in the previous years. In practical assessments, functional depreciation occurs due to the improvement of forest management techniques, so the calculation of functional depreciation is based on asset assessment.

　　功能性貶值額=∑（待評估資產(chǎn)年凈超額營(yíng)林成本×折現系數）

　　Functional depreciation amount=∑ (annual net excess afforestation cost of assets to be evaluated multiplied by discount coefficient)

　　對于一般性資產(chǎn)評估其折現系數的計算關(guān)鍵在于被評估資產(chǎn)的剩余使用年限的估計。而對幼齡林評估則是在現時(shí)對照過(guò)去所營(yíng)造的林分進(jìn)行評估，故其評估時(shí)的使用年限為各營(yíng)造林工序與幼齡林齡組上限的距離。故上式可改寫(xiě)為：

　　The key to calculating the discount coefficient for general asset valuation lies in estimating the remaining useful life of the evaluated asset. The evaluation of young forests is based on comparing the current forest stands with those created in the past, so the service life of the evaluation is the distance between each afforestation process and the upper limit of the young forest age group. Therefore, the above formula can be rewritten as:

　　式中：q——功能性貶值率；

　　In the formula: q - functional depreciation rate;

　　——現時(shí)經(jīng)營(yíng)各樹(shù)種幼齡林齡組上限；

　　——At present, the upper limit of the age group for operating young forests of various tree species;

　　——舊營(yíng)造林標準各年單位面積投資額；

　　——The standard for afforestation in old camps is the annual investment per unit area;

　　——新?tīng)I造林標準各年單位面積投資額。

　　——The standard for afforestation in Xinying is the annual investment per unit area.

　　例5-2：某小班面積為10hm2，林分年齡為4年，平均高2.7m，株數2400株/hm2，要求用重置成本法評估其價(jià)值。

　　Example 5-2: A small group with an area of 10 hectares, a forest age of 4 years, an average height of 2.7 meters, and 2400 plants per hectare is required to be evaluated for its value using the reset cost method.

　　據調查，在評估基準日時(shí)，該地區第一年造林投資（含林地清理、挖穴和幼林撫育）為5250元/hm2，第二和第三年投資為1800元/hm2，第四年投資為900元/hm2，投資收益率為6%。按當地平均水平，造林株數為2550株/hm2，成活率要求為85%，4年林分的平均高為3m。

　　According to the survey, on the benchmark date of evaluation, the first year's afforestation investment (including forest clearing, digging holes, and young forest nurturing) in the area was 5250 yuan/hm2, the second and third year's investment was 1800 yuan/hm2, and the fourth year's investment was 900 yuan/hm2, with an investment return rate of 6%. According to the local average level, the number of afforestation plants is 2550 per hectare, with a survival rate requirement of 85%. The average height of the forest stand over 4 years is 3m.

　　解：已知n=4，C1=5250元/hm2，C2=1800元/hm2，C3=1800元/hm2，C4=900元/hm2，i=6%

　　Solution: Given n=4, C1=5250 yuan/hm2, C2=1800 yuan/hm2, C3=1800 yuan/hm2, C4=900 yuan/hm2, i=6%

　　∵該小班林木成活率=2400株/hm2÷2550株/hm2=0.94（即94%）＞85%

　　The survival rate of trees in this small group is 2400 plants/hm2 ÷ 2550 plants/hm2=0.94 (i.e. 94%)>85%

　　∴K1=1

　　∴K1=1

　　K2=2.7m÷3m =0.9

　　K2=2.7m÷3m =0.9

　　七、序列需工數法

　　7、 Sequential work method

　　序列需工數法是以現行工價(jià)（含料、工、費）和森林經(jīng)營(yíng)中各工序的需工數估算被評估森林資源資產(chǎn)的評估值。其計算公式為：

　　The sequential labor method estimates the assessed value of forest resource assets based on the current labor price (including materials, labor, and costs) and the labor required for each process in forest management. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——n年生林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值；

　　In the formula: En - evaluation value of forest resource assets at n years old;

　　Nt——第t年需工數；

　　Nt - the required number of workers in the t-th year;

　　t——投資序列年份；

　　T - Investment sequence year;

　　B——評估時(shí)的日工價(jià)（含管理費及材料損耗費用）；

　　B - Daily labor cost during evaluation (including management fees and material loss costs);

　　i——投資收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　R——年林地使用費；

　　R - Annual forest land use fee;

　　K——調整系數。

　　K - Adjustment coefficient.

　　序列需工數法是林木資源資產(chǎn)評估中特殊的重置成本方法。因為林木培育是勞動(dòng)密集型行業(yè)，林木培育投入主要是勞動(dòng)力的投入。將少量的物質(zhì)材料費和合理費用計入工價(jià)中，直接用工數來(lái)求算除地租外的重置成本，這較一般的重置成本法計算更為簡(jiǎn)單、方便。

　　The sequential labor method is a special reset cost method in the evaluation of forest resource assets. Because forest cultivation is a labor-intensive industry, the main investment in forest cultivation is labor input. Including a small amount of material costs and reasonable expenses in the labor price, and directly calculating the replacement cost excluding land rent based on the number of employees, is simpler and more convenient than the general replacement cost method.

　　在部分地區，林地的地租不是每年交納，而是在主伐時(shí)根據林地上所生產(chǎn)的木材和數量按照規定的林價(jià)比例交納，這時(shí)采用重置成本法無(wú)須考慮地租成本（經(jīng)營(yíng)者在經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中未付出地租，待主伐時(shí)一次付清）。這種采用序列需工數法計算重置成本更為簡(jiǎn)單。

　　In some areas, the land rent for forest land is not paid annually, but is paid according to the prescribed forest price ratio based on the amount and quantity of wood produced on the forest land during the main logging. In this case, the reset cost method does not need to consider the land rent cost (if the operator does not pay the land rent during the operation process, it will be paid in full at the time of the main logging). This method of calculating reset costs using the sequential labor method is simpler.

　　采用序列需工數法的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題：一是確定各個(gè)工序的工數，二是確定工價(jià)。在確定工價(jià)時(shí)必須包括各種物質(zhì)的耗費、管理費和人工費，而不是單純的工人日工資，而這些費用都是按評估基準日時(shí)的物價(jià)水平確定的，費用的收集和測算都較為麻煩，在評估中很少使用該方法。

　　The key issues in using the sequential labor method are: firstly, determining the number of labor for each process, and secondly, determining the labor cost. When determining the labor price, it is necessary to include various material costs, management fees, and labor costs, rather than simply the daily wage of workers. These costs are determined based on the price level on the evaluation reference date, and the collection and calculation of costs are relatively complicated. This method is rarely used in evaluations.

　　異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估方法及參數的選定

　　Selection of Evaluation Methods and Parameters for Forest Resource Assets of Different Age Forests

　　根據異齡林資源資產(chǎn)特點(diǎn)，異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估測算只能用收益現值法和現行市價(jià)法，不能用各類(lèi)成本法和市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法，因為現有異齡林多數為天然異齡林，其投資成本難以確定，就是人工營(yíng)造的異齡林，因其營(yíng)造年限很長(cháng)，在營(yíng)造過(guò)程中，營(yíng)林成本、木材生產(chǎn)成本難以分清，更增加了其成本測算的難度，使各重置成本法難以應用。在異齡林中可以采伐的僅部分林木，而大部分是充滿(mǎn)生機的中、小徑的中齡、幼齡林木，這部分林木是不能應用市場(chǎng)價(jià)倒算法進(jìn)行測算的。

　　According to the characteristics of heterogeneous forest resource assets, the evaluation and calculation of heterogeneous forest resource assets can only use the present value of income method and the current market price method, and cannot use various cost methods and market price inversion algorithms. This is because most of the existing heterogeneous forests are natural heterogeneous forests, and their investment costs are difficult to determine. They are artificially constructed heterogeneous forests, and due to their long construction period, it is difficult to distinguish between forest management costs and wood production costs during the construction process, which increases the difficulty of cost calculation and makes it difficult to apply various reset cost methods. Only a portion of the trees that can be harvested in forests of different ages, while the majority are vibrant middle-aged and young trees with medium and small paths, which cannot be calculated using the market price inversion algorithm.

　　1、收益現值法

　　1. Present value of earnings method

　　異齡林資源資產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)，決定了林地和林木的價(jià)值無(wú)法單獨測算。異齡林資源資產(chǎn)中包含有兩種永久性的生產(chǎn)資本：一個(gè)是林地，就是生長(cháng)著(zhù)異齡林的土地及其環(huán)境，它是林木生長(cháng)的基礎；另一個(gè)是林地上保留的立木蓄積量。異齡林林木根據擇伐周期的長(cháng)短定期產(chǎn)生收獲和收入。由于收入是定期取得的，因此，異齡林可按一連續系列的擇伐周期的擇伐收入計算其資產(chǎn)價(jià)值，即一系列擇伐收入的凈現值。

　　The characteristics of inter aged forest resource assets determine that the value of forest land and trees cannot be measured separately. There are two types of permanent production capital included in the assets of inter aged forests: one is forest land, which is the land and its environment where inter aged forests grow, and it is the foundation for forest growth; The other is the amount of standing timber reserved on forest land. Different aged forest trees produce regular harvests and income based on the length of the selective cutting cycle. Due to the fact that income is obtained regularly, the asset value of a forest of different ages can be calculated based on the net present value of a series of selective felling income over a continuous series of selective felling cycles.

　?。?）剛擇伐后異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估

　　(1) Assessment of Forest Resource Assets in Unequal Age Forests after Selective Harvesting

　　對剛擇伐后的異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)的收益現值，計算公式為：

　　The formula for calculating the present value of income of forest resources assets of different age forests after selective logging is:

　　式中：E——異齡林資源資產(chǎn)評估值（含林地資源資產(chǎn)價(jià)值）；

　　In the formula: E - Evaluation value of inter aged forest resource assets (including forest resource asset value);

　　Aw——擇伐周期末擇伐的純收入；

　　Aw - Net income from selective logging at the end of the logging cycle;

　　w——擇伐周期；

　　W - selective cutting cycle;

　　i——投資收益率；

　　I - Investment return rate;

　　V——年管護費用。

　　V - Annual management and maintenance expenses.

　　在求得異齡林資源資產(chǎn)評估值后，按照當地的習慣、經(jīng)驗和林地的狀況確定的林木和林地各占份額度來(lái)確定比例系數。將評估值乘上林木的比例系數，就得到異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值。公式為：

　　After obtaining the asset evaluation value of inter aged forest resources, the proportion coefficient is determined based on the local customs, experience, and the condition of the forest land to determine the respective proportions of trees and forest land. Multiplying the evaluation value by the proportion coefficient of the trees yields the asset evaluation value of forest resources in different age forests. The formula is:

　　式中：K——林木資源資產(chǎn)所占的份額系數。

　　In the formula: K - the coefficient of the share of forest resource assets.

　?。?）擇伐n年后異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估

　　(2) Assessment of Forest Resource Assets of Different Age Forests after Selective Harvesting for n Years

　　在異齡林中，擇伐后隨著(zhù)林分逐漸接近下一次擇伐，林分的蓄積量在增長(cháng)，林分的價(jià)值在增加，假設異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)每個(gè)擇伐期末的擇伐純收入相同，此時(shí)擇伐n年后異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值可用下次擇伐時(shí)的林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值的折現值加上擇伐時(shí)的純收入的折現值扣除評估時(shí)到下次擇伐前間隔期內所付出的成本前價(jià)來(lái)確定。其計算公式為：

　　In a forest of different ages, as the stand approaches the next selection, the volume of the stand increases and the value of the stand increases. Assuming that the net income of the forest resource assets at the end of each selection period is the same, the evaluation value of the forest resource assets in the forest of different ages after n years of selection can be determined by adding the discounted value of the forest resource asset evaluation value at the next selection period and the discounted value of the net income at the selection period, minus the cost price paid during the interval from the evaluation to the next selection period. The calculation formula is:

　　式中：En——擇伐n年后的異齡林林分的林木評估值。

　　In the formula: En - the evaluation value of trees in different aged forest stands after n years of selective logging.

　　例5-4：某一異齡林小班面積為10hm2，擇伐周期為10年，擇伐強度為20%，擇伐時(shí)小班的平均蓄積為300m3/hm2，出材率為70%，其中出材的50%是大徑材原木，30％為中徑原木，20%為小徑和非規格材，由于口徑較大，平均每m3木材均可獲純收入450元，每年分攤的管護費為90元/hm2，投資收益率為6%。根據當地經(jīng)營(yíng)林價(jià)中山價(jià)（地租）所占的份額、小班林地的立地條件和地利等級，確定其林木在總價(jià)值中所占的份額為70%，即K=0.7。分別求剛擇伐后和已擇伐6年后林木資源資產(chǎn)的評估值。

　　Example 5-4: The area of a small group of different age forests is 10 hectares, with a selective cutting cycle of 10 years and a selective cutting intensity of 20%. The average accumulation of the small group during selective cutting is 300m3/hm2, and the yield rate is 70%. Among them, 50% of the yield is large-diameter logs, 30% is medium diameter logs, and 20% is small-diameter and non-standard logs. Due to the large diameter, an average net income of 450 yuan can be obtained per m3 of wood, and the annual shared management and maintenance fee is 90 yuan/hm2, with an investment return rate of 6%. Based on the local forest management price, land rent, site conditions, and land use grade of the small forest land, it is determined that the forest trees account for 70% of the total value, i.e. K=0.7. Calculate the evaluation values of forest resource assets after just selected logging and after 6 years of selected logging.

　　解：（1）剛擇伐后異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值

　　Solution: (1) Assessment value of forest resource assets of different age forests after selective logging

　　該小班剛擇伐后的林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值為156790元。

　　The assessed value of the newly selected forest resources assets in this small group is 156790 yuan.

　?。?）擇伐6年后異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值

　　(2) Assessment value of forest resource assets of different age forests after 6 years of selective logging

　　該小班剛擇伐后的林木資源資產(chǎn)評估值為226800元。

　　The assessed value of the newly selected forest resources assets in this small group is 226800 yuan.

　　三、異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估中必須注意的問(wèn)題

　　3、 Issues that must be noted in the asset evaluation of forest resources in different age forests

　　在異齡林林木資源資產(chǎn)評估中，由于異齡林結構與經(jīng)營(yíng)特殊性，必須注意下列若干問(wèn)題：

　　In the evaluation of forest resources assets in different age forests, due to the special structure and management of different age forests, the following issues must be noted:

　　1、擇伐周期的確定

　　1. Determination of selection cycle

　　在異齡林經(jīng)營(yíng)中，采伐符合一定尺寸的林木后，林分通過(guò)其保留木的繼續生長(cháng)，其蓄積量恢復到擇伐前的水平可再次擇伐利用的經(jīng)營(yíng)期稱(chēng)為擇伐周期。擇伐周期不同于輪伐期，它的時(shí)間一般較短，多在10～20年，少的只有6～7年、它的長(cháng)短主要與擇伐的強度和擇伐后林木的平均生長(cháng)率有關(guān)。確定林分的蓄積量平均生長(cháng)率較為困難，因為擇伐后林分各年的蓄積量平均生長(cháng)率是不同的，擇伐后頭一兩年最大，爾后逐年下降。其平均生長(cháng)率僅能利用調查的材料，求出一個(gè)大致的平均數，用來(lái)求算擇伐周期。

　　In the management of inter aged forests, after harvesting trees that meet a certain size, the management period during which the forest can be selectively harvested and utilized again through the continued growth of its retained trees and the restoration of its stock volume to the level before selective logging is called the selective logging cycle. The selection period is different from the rotation period. Its duration is generally shorter, mostly between 10-20 years, and as little as 6-7 years. Its length is mainly related to the intensity of selection and the average growth rate of the trees after selection. It is difficult to determine the average growth rate of forest stock, as the average growth rate of forest stock varies from year to year after selective logging. The highest growth rate occurs in the first one to two years after selective logging, and then decreases year by year thereafter. The average growth rate can only be calculated using survey materials to obtain a rough average for determining the selection period.

　　2、擇伐強度的確定

　　2. Determination of selection intensity

　　擇伐強度是異齡林經(jīng)營(yíng)中重要的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標，它直接影響了擇伐周期的長(cháng)短和每次擇伐的木材產(chǎn)量、質(zhì)量及生產(chǎn)成本，直接影響了其評估值，擇伐強度是有法規限定其最高值的。在我國擇伐的強度不允許超過(guò)40％，一般以20～30％為佳。在經(jīng)營(yíng)集約的地方，一般擇伐強度較小，擇伐周期短，生產(chǎn)成本稍高，擇伐出的大徑木比例大。在經(jīng)營(yíng)粗放的地方擇伐強度大，擇伐周期長(cháng)，木材生產(chǎn)成本稍低，擇伐出的中小徑木比例大。

　　The intensity of selective logging is an important technical and economic indicator in the management of forests of different ages. It directly affects the length of the selective logging cycle, the yield, quality, and production cost of each selective logging, and directly affects its evaluation value. The maximum value of selective logging intensity is limited by regulations. In China, the intensity of selective logging is not allowed to exceed 40%, and generally 20-30% is preferred. In areas with intensive management, the intensity of selective felling is generally low, the selective felling cycle is short, the production cost is slightly higher, and the proportion of large-diameter trees harvested by selective felling is higher. In areas with extensive management, the intensity of selective logging is high, the selective logging cycle is long, the production cost of wood is slightly lower, and the proportion of small and medium diameter wood produced by selective logging is high.

　　在生產(chǎn)中一般先確定其保留木蓄積，再根據林分的狀態(tài)確定其擇伐強度，它允許在一定范圍內調整。在評估時(shí)擇伐強度一般要根據法規的要求，林分生長(cháng)的實(shí)際狀態(tài)，當地的經(jīng)營(yíng)習慣和經(jīng)營(yíng)水平綜合確定。必須注意的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是：擇伐時(shí)主伐的林木必須含損傷部分中小徑木，這部分林木也必須進(jìn)行采伐。因此，擇伐強度計算中，擇伐的對象不僅僅是合符采伐尺寸的林木，它還包括被損傷或其他原因而必須被采伐的小中徑林木。

　　In production, the reserved timber volume is generally determined first, and then the selective cutting intensity is determined based on the state of the forest stand, which allows for adjustment within a certain range. When evaluating, the intensity of selective logging should generally be determined based on the requirements of regulations, the actual state of forest growth, local management habits, and management level. One issue that must be noted is that during selective cutting, the main trees to be cut must include damaged small and medium-sized trees, which must also be harvested. Therefore, in the calculation of selective cutting intensity, the objects of selective cutting are not only trees that meet the cutting size, but also small and medium-sized trees that must be cut due to damage or other reasons.

　　3、采伐量及出材量的確定

　　3. Determination of logging volume and timber yield

　　擇伐的采伐量等于擇伐時(shí)林分的蓄積量乘上擇伐強度。因此，在確定了強度之后，擇伐蓄積量的預測關(guān)鍵是預測其林分在主伐時(shí)的蓄積量。在異齡林經(jīng)營(yíng)中目前尚無(wú)異齡林的生長(cháng)過(guò)程表、收獲表編制的報道。其預測相對比較困難，能夠根據當地進(jìn)行擇伐的異齡林的平均水平，再參照林分現實(shí)的生長(cháng)狀況，綜合進(jìn)行確定。

　　The amount of selective logging is equal to the volume of the forest at the time of selective logging multiplied by the intensity of selective logging. Therefore, after determining the intensity, the key to predicting the volume of selective logging is to predict the volume of the forest stand during main logging. There are currently no reports on the compilation of growth and harvest tables for inter aged forests in management. Its prediction is relatively difficult, and it can be determined comprehensively based on the average level of selected forests of different ages in the local area and the actual growth status of the forest stand.

　　4、主伐木純收益的確定

　　4. Determination of net income from main logging

　　異齡林的擇伐中由于所擇伐的林木年齡、徑級一般較大，而且年輪均勻，木材的質(zhì)地較好，因而木材價(jià)格較高，在評估時(shí)必須引起重視。

　　In the selective felling of forests with different ages, due to the fact that the selected trees are generally of a larger age and diameter class, with uniform annual rings and better wood texture, the price of wood is relatively high. Therefore, it must be taken seriously in the evaluation.

　　在異齡林的經(jīng)營(yíng)中采伐、集材必然要損傷一些中幼木，其采伐的設計和施工都較同齡林復雜，在采伐設計中既要確定主擇伐木，又要確定重點(diǎn)的保留木。在采伐施工中既要伐除主擇伐木，又要保證重點(diǎn)保留木在采伐時(shí)不受傷害，要求在采伐時(shí)嚴格控制倒木的方向，以保護重點(diǎn)保留木。另外，在采伐中一般分兩次進(jìn)行，先進(jìn)行主伐，伐去主擇伐木（大徑木），然后再進(jìn)行間伐，伐去受損傷的中小徑木和其他必須被采伐的中小徑木。異齡林擇伐設計和施工要求較高，其木材經(jīng)營(yíng)的成本相對也較高，這將影響其立木的價(jià)值，在評估時(shí)必須測算擇伐的生產(chǎn)成本，測算其主伐木的純收益。

　　In the management of forests of different ages, logging and timber collection inevitably damage some young and middle-aged trees. The design and construction of logging are more complex than those of forests of the same age. In the logging design, it is necessary to determine both the main choice of logging and the key preserved trees. In logging construction, it is necessary to not only remove the main selected timber, but also ensure that the key preserved timber is not damaged during logging. It is required to strictly control the direction of fallen timber during logging to protect the key preserved timber. In addition, logging is generally carried out in two stages. First, the main logging is carried out to remove the main selected logging (large-diameter trees), and then the intermediate logging is carried out to remove the damaged medium and small-sized trees and other medium and small-sized trees that must be harvested. The design and construction requirements for selective logging of different age forests are relatively high, and the cost of timber management is also relatively high, which will affect the value of their standing timber. When evaluating, it is necessary to calculate the production cost of selective logging and the net income of the main logging.

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